Value of ultrasound-based radiomics in identifying benign and malignant BI-RADS category 4a irregular breast lesions and reducing unnecessary biopsies
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摘要:
目的 探讨超声影像组学对BI-RADS 4a类不规则乳腺结节良恶性的鉴别价值，并结合影像组学、超声特征及临床独立危险因素特征建立列线图，评估其在减少不必要活检中的价值。 方法 回顾性收集常规超声检查筛选出的BI-RADS 4a类不规则乳腺结节905例，随机分为训练队列（n=634）和验证队列（n=271），比例为7∶3。共收集851个影像组学特征，以手术病理结果为金标准，通过Logistic回归模型构建影像组学模型，同时利用单因素逻辑分析及多因素逻辑分析结合影像组学特征、超声特征及临床独立危险因素建立影像组学模型，通过ROC曲线评估影像组学模型及列线图模型对超声BI-RADS 4a类形态不规则乳腺结节的诊断效能。 结果 905例不规则乳腺结节中，恶性结节485个，良性结节420个；患者年龄22~83（50.05±11.13）岁，训练队列及验证队列的年龄、Rad-score值、肿块直径等结果差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；训练队列影像组学模型AUC值为0.927（95% CI：0.900~0.950），验证队列影像组学模型AUC值为0.946（95% CI：0.908~0.976），该模型训练队列的敏感度、准确度、特异性、F1值、精确度分别为0.879、0.879、0.877、0.909、0.940，该模型验证队列的敏感度、准确度、特异性、F1值、精确度分别为0.890、0.896、0.909、0.921、0.956；校准曲线显示该模型训练队列和验证队列有较好的校准度；训练队列列线图模型AUC值为0.943（95% CI：0.912~0.960），验证队列列线图模型AUC值为0.968（95% CI：0.924~0.970）。 结论 超声影像组学及列线图模型在提高BI-RADS 4a类形态不规则乳腺结节良恶性的诊断效能有重要价值，对BI-RADS 4a类不规则乳腺结节有更好的预测效能，并且能够减少不必要的活检。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the value of ultrasound-based radiomics in discriminating benign and malignant BI-RADS category 4a irregular breast nodules, and to assess its value in reducing unnecessary biopsies by establishing a nomogram through combine radiomics, ultrasound features and clinical independent risk factor characteristics. Methods A total of 905 cases of BI- RADS 4a irregular breast nodules screened by conventional ultrasonography were retrospectively collected and randomly divided into a training set (n=634) and a validation set (n=271) with a ratio of 7:3. Pyradiomics was used to extract 851 features.The radiomics model was constructed by Logistics regression model using surgical pathology as the gold standard. The diagnostic efficacy of the radiomics model and the nomogram model on the diagnosis of irregular breast nodules with ultrasound BI-RADS 4a pattern was evaluated by ROC curve. Results Among 905 irregular breast nodules, 485 were malignant nodules and 420 were benign nodules, with the age of 22-83(50.05±11.13) years old. The age, Rad-score value, and mass diameter of the two groups were not significantly different (P>0.05). The AUC value of the training cohort radiomics model was 0.927 (95% CI: 0.900-0.950), and the AUC value of the validation cohort radiomics model was 0.946 (95% CI: 0.908-0.976). The sensitivity, accuracy, specificity, F1 value, and precision for the training cohort of this model were 0.879, 0.879, 0.877, 0.909 and 0.940, respectively. The sensitivity, accuracy, specificity, F1 value, and precision for the validation cohort of this model were 0.890, 0.896, 0.909, 0.921 and 0.956, respectively. The calibration curves showed good calibration between the training and validation cohorts of this mode; The AUC value was 0.943 (95% CI: 0.912-0.960) for the training cohort normogram model and 0.968 (95% CI: 0.924-0.970) for the validation cohort normogram model. Conclusion Ultrasound-based radiomics and the nomogram model have important value in improving the diagnostic efficacy of benign and malignant BIRADS 4a morphologically irregular breast nodules, have better predictive efficacy for BI-RADS 4a irregular breast nodules, and can reduce unnecessary biopsies. -
Key words:
- ultrasonography /
- radiomics /
- breast tumor /
- forecasting /
- biopsy
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图 1 恶性乳腺肿块超声图像感兴趣区域分割
Figure 1. Segmentation of regions of interest in ultrasound images of breast cancer.
图 3 训练队列及验证队列影像组学模型的预测模型的ROC曲线
Figure 3. ROC curve of prediction model of imaging radiomics model in training cohort (A) and validation cohort (B).
图 4 训练队列（A）及验证队列（B）影像组学预测模型的校准曲线
注: Y轴代表乳腺癌实际情况, X轴代表影像组学模型对恶性乳腺结节风险预测, 对角线的灰色直线是参考线, 即预测值等于实际值, 如果观察值等于预测值则代表预测结果与实际结果一致, 如果预测值大于观察值, 即高估了风险; 如果预测值小于观察值, 即低估了风险; 从构建的两个模型的预测结果看, 两个模型均具有较好的预测能力.
Figure 4. Calibration curve of radiomics prediction model in training cohort (A) and validation cohort (B).
图 5 基于影像组学的Rad-score的构建
A: 19个系数非零的影像组学特征通过LASSO算法和10倍交叉验证进行参数调整得出系数收敛图, 横坐标为Log（λ）, 纵坐标为各个特征在模型中的各自系数，并且全部这些特征具有的系数均不为0; B: 选择19个系数非零的影像组学特征, 通过LASSO回归算法中调整参数λ的选择. 绘制二项偏差与参数log（λ）之间的关系曲线，通过10倍交叉验证, 选择log(λ)=-4.996所对应的λ值，此时最终筛选的最优影像特征的数目将达到最为适宜的状态; C: 训练队列和验证队列不规则乳腺良恶性结节的Rad-score箱图（蓝色代表良性，黄色代表恶性）; D~E: 训练队列和验证队列每个不规则乳腺结节的Rad-score分布（0代表良性, 1代表恶性）.
Figure 5. Construction of Rad-score based on radiomics.
图 7 训练队列及验证队列列线图模型预测模型的ROC曲线
Figure 7. ROC curve of nomograph model prediction model in training group and verification group.
表 1 训练队列和验证队列临床资料
Table 1. Clinical data of training cohort and validation cohort
临床资料 训练队列（n=634） 验证队列（n=271） P 肿块最大直径（cm, Mean±SD） 2.73±1.166 2.883±1.311 0.175 年龄（岁, Mean±SD） 51.884±10.905 50.237±11.283 0.117 Rad-score（Mean±SD） 0±2.302 -0.297±2.965 0.195 病理类型（n） 0.201 恶性 331 154 良性 303 117 
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表 2 基于训练组单变量和多变量逻辑回归分析结果
Table 2. Results of univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis based on training group
变量 单变量逻辑分析 多变量逻辑分析 OR（95% CI） P OR（95% CI） P 肥胖 1.077(0.488, 3.503) 0.237 横线 横线 口服避孕药 0.947(0.399, 3.180) 0.502 横线 横线 乳腺癌家族史 1.231(0.441, 3.493) 0.009 横线 0.412 吸烟史 1.641 (0.346, 7.491) 0.342 横线 横线 饮酒史 3.291 (0.581, 16.772) 0.183 横线 横线 病变位置 0.735 (0.415, 1.333) 0.284 横线 横线 年龄 1.077 (1.062, 1.121) 0.013 1.071(0.958, 1.159) 0.002 肿块直径 2.431（1.644, 3.527） 0.011 2.778(1.521, 5.517) 0.002 初潮 < 13岁 0.255 (0.133, 0.476) 0.003 1.017 (0.139, 7.161) 0.461 Rad-score 0.272（0.187，0.339) 0.011 0.211(0.114, 0.425) 0.001
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表 3 19个系数非零的影像组学特征
Table 3. Radiomics characteristics of 19 non-zero coefficients
类别 特征 系数 直方图特征（n=1） original_firstorder_Minimum -0.205 纹理特征（n=2） original_glrlm_LongRunHighGrayLevelEmphasis 0.157 original_glrlm_ShortRunLowGrayLevelEmphasis -0.245 小波特征（n=16） wavelet.LH_firstorder_Mean -1.665 wavelet.HH_gldm_DependenceNonUniformityNormalized -0.954 wavelet.HH_glszm_SizeZoneNonUniformityNormalized -0.742 wavelet.LL_glcm_ClusterShade -0.201 wavelet.LL_glrlm_ShortRunLowGrayLevelEmphasis -0.19 wavelet.HH_firstorder_Skewness -0.01 wavelet.HL_glszm_LargeAreaLowGrayLevelEmphasis 0.02 wavelet.LH_glszm_SmallAreaLowGrayLevelEmphasis 0.062 wavelet.LL_glszm_LargeAreaLowGrayLevelEmphasis 0.175 wavelet.LH_gldm_DependenceNonUniformityNormalized 0.249 wavelet.LH_glszm_SizeZoneNonUniformity 0.268 wavelet.HL_firstorder_Mean 0.279 wavelet.HH_glcm_MCC 0.433 wavelet.HL_firstorder_Median 0.436 wavelet.HH_firstorder_Median 0.556 wavelet.HH_glcm_Imc1 0.734
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表 4 超声影像组学模型的诊断效能
Table 4. Diagnostic efficacy of ultrasound imaging radiomics model
评价指标 AUC 准确度 敏感度 特异性 精确度 F1 训练队列 0.927 0.879 0.879 0.877 0.94 0.909 验证队列 0.946 0.896 0.89 0.909 0.956 0.921
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